The
following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b)
proposes:
1. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."
Mr.Black Smith Tuan Black Smith
Ms. Bella Swan Nyonya Bella Swan
Lamp = lampu
Bank = bangku
Book = Buku
1. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."
Mr.Black Smith Tuan Black Smith
Ms. Bella Swan Nyonya Bella Swan
Lamp = lampu
Bank = bangku
Book = Buku
2. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation,
then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)
• Internet
The internet access is too slow
Koneksi internetnya sangat lambat
• Account
What is your account?
Apa akun mu?
• Laptop = leptop
3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)
• Salad = Rujak
• Spagetti = Mie Ayam
• Internet
The internet access is too slow
Koneksi internetnya sangat lambat
• Account
What is your account?
Apa akun mu?
• Laptop = leptop
3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)
• Salad = Rujak
• Spagetti = Mie Ayam
4. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word.
(Newmark, 1988b:83)
• Kimono (Jepang) = Batik ( Indonesia)
• Cheongsam (china) = Sarre ( India )
• Kimono (Jepang) = Batik ( Indonesia)
• Cheongsam (china) = Sarre ( India )
5. Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is
explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
• Tempe/tahu = common food that we can eat everyday
• Kurma = common food that Arabian people eat every day
• Tempe/tahu = common food that we can eat everyday
• Kurma = common food that Arabian people eat every day
6. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word
which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by
demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense
components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)
7. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps
accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
True = correct/ right/ match
Wrong = incorrect/false.
True = correct/ right/ match
Wrong = incorrect/false.
8.
Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations,
names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called:
calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84).
Example:
Post Office = Kantor Pos
Oxford dictionary-Kamus Oxford
9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86).
Example:
Adept = Sangat terampil
No control= Tidak bisa mengendalikan
10..Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88). Example:
You are going to have a child = Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak.
I cut my finger = Jariku teriris
11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89).
Example:
Egypt = Mesir
USA = Amerika Serikat
12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90).
Example:
A pair of scissors = Sebuah gunting
Never did she visit her aunt = Wanita itu benar-benar tega tidak menemui bibinya
13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example:
Jet lag = kondisi fisiologi yang terganggu (sakit kepala, kelelahan) akibat perjalanan melintasi zona waktu yang berbeda.
Partenogenesis = sebutan untuk spesies yang dapat berkembang biak tanpa sperma pejantan. contoh: kutu air, komodo, dan kalkun
14. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example:
Radio = Radio (transference and naturalization)
Model = Model (transference and naturalization)
15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example:
Pingxi Lantern Festival1
Songkran2
1: Festival pelepasan lampion di Taiwan dimana didalamnya terdapat harapan yang kita tulis.
2: Festival perayaan tahun baru di Thailand yang diadakan ketika musim panas dengan menyemprotkan air kepada orang-orang yang mereka temui di jalan.
Post Office = Kantor Pos
Oxford dictionary-Kamus Oxford
9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86).
Example:
Adept = Sangat terampil
No control= Tidak bisa mengendalikan
10..Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88). Example:
You are going to have a child = Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak.
I cut my finger = Jariku teriris
11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89).
Example:
Egypt = Mesir
USA = Amerika Serikat
12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90).
Example:
A pair of scissors = Sebuah gunting
Never did she visit her aunt = Wanita itu benar-benar tega tidak menemui bibinya
13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example:
Jet lag = kondisi fisiologi yang terganggu (sakit kepala, kelelahan) akibat perjalanan melintasi zona waktu yang berbeda.
Partenogenesis = sebutan untuk spesies yang dapat berkembang biak tanpa sperma pejantan. contoh: kutu air, komodo, dan kalkun
14. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example:
Radio = Radio (transference and naturalization)
Model = Model (transference and naturalization)
15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example:
Pingxi Lantern Festival1
Songkran2
1: Festival pelepasan lampion di Taiwan dimana didalamnya terdapat harapan yang kita tulis.
2: Festival perayaan tahun baru di Thailand yang diadakan ketika musim panas dengan menyemprotkan air kepada orang-orang yang mereka temui di jalan.
